 |
- Information
- Graphics
- References
Question:
What are the negative effects of smoking?
Answer:
Smokers have an increased risk of the following:
- Lung cancer
- Lung disease
- Heart attack
- Heart disease
- Hypertension
- Stroke
- Oral cancer
- Bladder cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Pregnancy complications
- Low birth weight babies
- Early menopause
- Lower estrogen level for women
- Facial wrinkles
- Sudden infant death syndrome
- Respiratory infections
- Lung cancer
- Ear infections
Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders, 2003.
Rakel RE. Textbook of Family Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders, 2001.
Pinto BM, Rabin C, Farrell N. Lifestyle and coronary heart disease prevention. Prim Care. December 2005;32:947-961.
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch).
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. � 1997- 2008 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.